Effects of free-flight activities on wildlife: a poorly understood issue in conservation

نویسندگان

چکیده

Summary Recreational activities may have negative effects on wildlife, but there are very few studies specifically the of free-flight (i.e., hang-gliders, paragliders and their powered derivatives) wildlife. We review existing scientific this issue in order to identify gaps knowledge at taxonomic-group level develop guidelines minimize impacts recreational found that mainly concerned four ungulate species (chamois, red deer, roe deer Alpine ibex) and, a lesser extent, raptors such as golden eagle two vulture (bearded cinereous vulture). The generally been carried out high mountain areas (e.g., European Alps). Data show create disturbances resulting increased energy expenditure, reduction feeding time, abandonment areas, reduced breeding output, loss body condition, predation risk harm from flight accidents. However, lack many along with small number long-term studies, prevents proper assessment current situation regarding impact activity provide recommendations improve regulation activity.

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Environmental Conservation

سال: 2021

ISSN: ['0376-8929', '1469-4387']

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892921000412